how to organize your personal year end finances

How to Organize Your Personal Year End Finances.

You should never organize your year-end finances all at once. Rather, you should be engaged in a steady process of organizing and reorganizing your financial documents and information throughout the year. The process you use when organizing at the end of the year will be basically the same process you use monthly or quarterly to evaluate your investments, insurance, and budget. Use the year-end financial organizational process to get the opinion of a financial planner to help you streamline your finances, identify areas of waste, and take corrective actions to save money.

Method 1 Getting Organized.

1. Select your organizational categories. Knowing how to organize your financial documents can be tough. Thinking broadly about the sorts of documents you ought to organize for your year-end finances will help the process move along smoothly. Some documents might need to be copied and placed in multiple locations. For instance, education loan payments might need to be in a “loans” folder and also a “taxes” folder. Depending on what sort of financial documents you have, you may or may not need folders devoted to each of the main financial categories, which include.

Financial management (bank statements and loan records).

Insurance and annuity documents (policies and statements).

Estate documents (wills, trusts, and powers of attorney).

Investments (stocks and bond).

Income tax information (tax returns and documents attesting to charitable giving).

Employment and military records (discharge papers and employee benefits).

Home records (appraisals, renovation receipts).

Medical documents (summaries of recent appointments and any medical bills or payments made).

Legal documents (passports, personal records, and real estate settlements).

2. Use the same organizational system for all your documents. You probably receive and pay some bills through regular mail, and some through digital outlets or automatic account debiting. In this case, it's important to impose a parallel structure on your analog and digital documents alike.

For instance, if you organize your vertical files containing utility bills, credit card bills, and other significant financial documents in order that they were received, you should not organize your digital files into folders containing payments, bills, and receipts according to the company or institution that you made the payments to.

3. Know what to keep. Retain anything tax-related for at least three years. Keep anything that demonstrates a financial loss for seven years. For instance, you ought to keep a bill of sale on a property that sold for less than what you paid for it. You should also retain receipts for transactions paid by credit card until you get the credit card bill that reflects them. Finally, keep all monthly account statements until you get the year-end reconciliation statement.

Conversely, you should know what to get rid of.When new insurance policies arrive, get rid of the old ones.

Err on the side of caution when disposing of financial documents. If you're unsure if you need to keep something, retain it.

For more in-depth guidelines on what you should pitch and keep, consult IRS Publication 17.

4. Use an app or website to help you organize. There are a variety of handy apps to help get your year-end finances organized. For instance, you might check out feedthepig.com, manilla.com, or mint.com.Apps that might help include Mint, Personal Capital, and Spending Tracker.

Method 2 Looking Ahead.

1. Set a budget. Find ways to save next year. Use your year-end financial organization time to identify sources that are draining your money. For instance, if you're paying for cable TV but never watch it, think about cancelling it altogether.

Overall, you should be spending about 35% of your income on home expenses (rent, utilities, and groceries), 15% on transportation expenses (car insurance, train fare, and auto repairs), 25% on entertainment and other miscellaneous expenses, 15% on paying off debt, and putting the final 10% of your income toward savings.

If you live in an expensive area or have a low income, you might need to contribute more money to home expenses and less toward debt or miscellaneous expenditures.

2. Simplify payments and financial data for next year. When you're done organizing your current year's financial data and documentation, look for ways to streamline the process next year. For instance, you can cut back on time spent searching for wayward documents by using automatic bill payments. You might also use debiting by tying regular payments like utilities and credit card charges directly to your bank account.

Cut back on the number of credit cards you use regularly. This will reduce the number of credit card bills you need to juggle. Use the credit card with the lowest interest rate as your day-to-day credit card, and use the other cards once a month in order to prevent their disuse from hurting your credit score.

For the same reason, limit your bank accounts. You should have one checking account and one savings account. If you have multiple checking and savings accounts, close the one with the most fees and least generous terms of service.

Consolidate your retirement accounts and investments, too. If you have several IRAs, transfer all the money into a single IRA. Use one brokerage firm to simplify investments.

3. Keep your finances organized throughout the year. Instead of putting all your receipts, account statements, and other financial documents in a stack and watching them slowly pile up over the course of a year, put them in the appropriate file or folder as you receive them. This will prevent confusion when trying to organize everything at year's end.

Use a three-ring binder with pockets to organize your financial materials in an orderly way. Move non-current financial records to your filing cabinet.

If you feel more comfortable printing out digital documents, print them out and put them in your vertical file or binder.

If you don't print out digital receipts and other documents, ensure that you put them in the appropriate folder according to your predesignated system as you receive them. For instance, when you get your digital W-2, immediately download it and put it with your other tax documents.

If you need to copy certain digital documents to make them accessible in multiple locations, don't be afraid to do so.

Method 3 Evaluating Your Financial Health.

1. Consult a financial planner or accountant. With the help of a certified financial planner or accountant, you'll be able to get your year-end finances under control. They can help you find ways to save when you file taxes in the coming months, and can explain some of the nuances of the tax code. For instance, you might want to ask.

Should I accelerate or defer income?

What losses or gains should I take this year?

Should I convert my traditional IRA to a Roth IRA so that my earnings will grow tax-free?

Are there any charitable donations I should make?

2. Total your year-to-date spending. You should have a column with all the payments, investments, and savings you have at the end of the year. Compare these numbers to their counterparts at the beginning of the year to get an overall sense of your financial health.

Your investment value should be greater at the end of the year than it was at the beginning of the year.

Your savings should be higher at the end of the year than it was at the beginning of the year.

Your spending should be less than the value of your savings.

3. Review your credit reports. Each year, you are entitled to three free credit reports, one each from the three major credit agencies (Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion). These reports will let you know if your credit score is good or if it needs a boost.

The best way to check your credit reports is not to check all three at once, but rather to space them out regularly over time. Ideally, you'd check one every four months.

4. Check your portfolio. Read the latest reports from your stock broker or financial planner to determine the relative health of your investments. If your portfolio is not doing well, think about investing elsewhere. Talk to a certified financial planner or stockbroker for advice about how to develop a robust portfolio.

Method  4 Finding Ways to Save.

1. Analyze your insurance coverage. If you have home, life, auto, or other insurance, contact some agents representing insurers in your area to find out if you have the best coverage you can afford. If you've made improvements to your home over the past year, you may have increased the value of your home, and that value should be reflected in your insurance policy.

Likewise, if you've welcomed a new family member into your family over the past year, you must check with your insurance provider to guarantee that they're covered under your insurance.

2. Review your tax data. Working with a tax professional, find ways to reduce your tax burden before the year is out. Charitable giving is the easiest way to do this. Look for reputable charities whose work you believe in through GuideStar (http://www.guidestar.org), CharityWatch (https://www.charitywatch.org/home) and Charity Navigator (http://www.charitynavigator.org).

You can also make in-kind (material) donations to thrift stores like the Salvation Army in exchange for a tax discount.

You can also qualify for tax deductions based on work-related expenses like travel or items of clothing you bought specifically for work.

3. Update your information where necessary. If you've had a change in your marital status you may need to revise your tax withholding and/or employee health coverage. If you're unsure if you need to update this information, contact a financial planner for assistance.

4. Empty your flexible spending account. A flexible spending account for healthcare should be used to cover outstanding claims from your doctor, dentist, or other health provider. If you have a flexible spending account oriented toward other types of spending like dependent care, employ the account to cover the appropriate expenses before the year is out.

Only $500 of a flexible spending account can carry over into the following year, so it's important to take full advantage of the account before the year ends.

January 22, 2020

How to Organize Your Personal Year End Finances

How to Organize Your Personal Year End Finances.

You should never organize your year-end finances all at once. Rather, you should be engaged in a steady process of organizing and reorganizing your financial documents and information throughout the year. The process you use when organizing at the end of the year will be basically the same process you use monthly or quarterly to evaluate your investments, insurance, and budget. Use the year-end financial organizational process to get the opinion of a financial planner to help you streamline your finances, identify areas of waste, and take corrective actions to save money.

Method 1 Getting Organized.

1. Select your organizational categories. Knowing how to organize your financial documents can be tough. Thinking broadly about the sorts of documents you ought to organize for your year-end finances will help the process move along smoothly. Some documents might need to be copied and placed in multiple locations. For instance, education loan payments might need to be in a “loans” folder and also a “taxes” folder. Depending on what sort of financial documents you have, you may or may not need folders devoted to each of the main financial categories, which include.

Financial management (bank statements and loan records).

Insurance and annuity documents (policies and statements).

Estate documents (wills, trusts, and powers of attorney).

Investments (stocks and bond).

Income tax information (tax returns and documents attesting to charitable giving).

Employment and military records (discharge papers and employee benefits).

Home records (appraisals, renovation receipts).

Medical documents (summaries of recent appointments and any medical bills or payments made).

Legal documents (passports, personal records, and real estate settlements).

2. Use the same organizational system for all your documents. You probably receive and pay some bills through regular mail, and some through digital outlets or automatic account debiting. In this case, it's important to impose a parallel structure on your analog and digital documents alike.

For instance, if you organize your vertical files containing utility bills, credit card bills, and other significant financial documents in order that they were received, you should not organize your digital files into folders containing payments, bills, and receipts according to the company or institution that you made the payments to.

3. Know what to keep. Retain anything tax-related for at least three years. Keep anything that demonstrates a financial loss for seven years. For instance, you ought to keep a bill of sale on a property that sold for less than what you paid for it. You should also retain receipts for transactions paid by credit card until you get the credit card bill that reflects them. Finally, keep all monthly account statements until you get the year-end reconciliation statement.

Conversely, you should know what to get rid of.When new insurance policies arrive, get rid of the old ones.

Err on the side of caution when disposing of financial documents. If you're unsure if you need to keep something, retain it.

For more in-depth guidelines on what you should pitch and keep, consult IRS Publication 17.

4. Use an app or website to help you organize. There are a variety of handy apps to help get your year-end finances organized. For instance, you might check out feedthepig.com, manilla.com, or mint.com.Apps that might help include Mint, Personal Capital, and Spending Tracker.

Method 2 Looking Ahead.

1. Set a budget. Find ways to save next year. Use your year-end financial organization time to identify sources that are draining your money. For instance, if you're paying for cable TV but never watch it, think about cancelling it altogether.

Overall, you should be spending about 35% of your income on home expenses (rent, utilities, and groceries), 15% on transportation expenses (car insurance, train fare, and auto repairs), 25% on entertainment and other miscellaneous expenses, 15% on paying off debt, and putting the final 10% of your income toward savings.

If you live in an expensive area or have a low income, you might need to contribute more money to home expenses and less toward debt or miscellaneous expenditures.

2. Simplify payments and financial data for next year. When you're done organizing your current year's financial data and documentation, look for ways to streamline the process next year. For instance, you can cut back on time spent searching for wayward documents by using automatic bill payments. You might also use debiting by tying regular payments like utilities and credit card charges directly to your bank account.

Cut back on the number of credit cards you use regularly. This will reduce the number of credit card bills you need to juggle. Use the credit card with the lowest interest rate as your day-to-day credit card, and use the other cards once a month in order to prevent their disuse from hurting your credit score.

For the same reason, limit your bank accounts. You should have one checking account and one savings account. If you have multiple checking and savings accounts, close the one with the most fees and least generous terms of service.

Consolidate your retirement accounts and investments, too. If you have several IRAs, transfer all the money into a single IRA. Use one brokerage firm to simplify investments.

3. Keep your finances organized throughout the year. Instead of putting all your receipts, account statements, and other financial documents in a stack and watching them slowly pile up over the course of a year, put them in the appropriate file or folder as you receive them. This will prevent confusion when trying to organize everything at year's end.

Use a three-ring binder with pockets to organize your financial materials in an orderly way. Move non-current financial records to your filing cabinet.

If you feel more comfortable printing out digital documents, print them out and put them in your vertical file or binder.

If you don't print out digital receipts and other documents, ensure that you put them in the appropriate folder according to your predesignated system as you receive them. For instance, when you get your digital W-2, immediately download it and put it with your other tax documents.

If you need to copy certain digital documents to make them accessible in multiple locations, don't be afraid to do so.

Method 3 Evaluating Your Financial Health.

1. Consult a financial planner or accountant. With the help of a certified financial planner or accountant, you'll be able to get your year-end finances under control. They can help you find ways to save when you file taxes in the coming months, and can explain some of the nuances of the tax code. For instance, you might want to ask.

Should I accelerate or defer income?

What losses or gains should I take this year?

Should I convert my traditional IRA to a Roth IRA so that my earnings will grow tax-free?

Are there any charitable donations I should make?

2. Total your year-to-date spending. You should have a column with all the payments, investments, and savings you have at the end of the year. Compare these numbers to their counterparts at the beginning of the year to get an overall sense of your financial health.

Your investment value should be greater at the end of the year than it was at the beginning of the year.

Your savings should be higher at the end of the year than it was at the beginning of the year.

Your spending should be less than the value of your savings.

3. Review your credit reports. Each year, you are entitled to three free credit reports, one each from the three major credit agencies (Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion). These reports will let you know if your credit score is good or if it needs a boost.

The best way to check your credit reports is not to check all three at once, but rather to space them out regularly over time. Ideally, you'd check one every four months.

4. Check your portfolio. Read the latest reports from your stock broker or financial planner to determine the relative health of your investments. If your portfolio is not doing well, think about investing elsewhere. Talk to a certified financial planner or stockbroker for advice about how to develop a robust portfolio.

Method  4 Finding Ways to Save.

1. Analyze your insurance coverage. If you have home, life, auto, or other insurance, contact some agents representing insurers in your area to find out if you have the best coverage you can afford. If you've made improvements to your home over the past year, you may have increased the value of your home, and that value should be reflected in your insurance policy.

Likewise, if you've welcomed a new family member into your family over the past year, you must check with your insurance provider to guarantee that they're covered under your insurance.

2. Review your tax data. Working with a tax professional, find ways to reduce your tax burden before the year is out. Charitable giving is the easiest way to do this. Look for reputable charities whose work you believe in through GuideStar (http://www.guidestar.org), CharityWatch (https://www.charitywatch.org/home) and Charity Navigator (http://www.charitynavigator.org).

You can also make in-kind (material) donations to thrift stores like the Salvation Army in exchange for a tax discount.

You can also qualify for tax deductions based on work-related expenses like travel or items of clothing you bought specifically for work.

3. Update your information where necessary. If you've had a change in your marital status you may need to revise your tax withholding and/or employee health coverage. If you're unsure if you need to update this information, contact a financial planner for assistance.

4. Empty your flexible spending account. A flexible spending account for healthcare should be used to cover outstanding claims from your doctor, dentist, or other health provider. If you have a flexible spending account oriented toward other types of spending like dependent care, employ the account to cover the appropriate expenses before the year is out.

Only $500 of a flexible spending account can carry over into the following year, so it's important to take full advantage of the account before the year ends.

January 22, 2020

How to Understand Personal Finance Basics

How to Understand Personal Finance Basics.

Understanding your personal finances can be very overwhelming, particularly if you’re just starting out. It is tough to know how best to handle your money, how to go about paying off debt, and where and when to invest. By following some basic steps for doing these things, as well as saving for emergencies and retirement and insuring the assets you’ve worked hard to obtain, you can begin to understand your personal finances and become more confident in your ability to make good decisions regarding them.





Learning How to Create a Budget.



Gather your financial statements and information. Creating a budget is one of the most important aspects of personal finance. A solid budget allows you to plan for how you’ll spend the money you bring in each month and illustrates your spending patterns. To begin, gather all the financial information you can, including bank statements, pay stubs, credit card bills, utility bills, investment account statements, and any other information you can think of.

Most people make monthly budgets so your goal is to figure out how much you make in a month and what your monthly expenses are. The more detail you can provide, the better your budget will be.



Record your monthly income. After gathering all of your financial data, separate out your sources of income. Record the amount of income you bring home in a month. Be sure to include any side jobs you have.

If your income varies from month to month, it may be helpful to figure out your average monthly income for the last six months or so.



List your fixed monthly expenses. Next, look over your financial documents and record any fixed expenses you have, or those that are essential and do not change much from month to month.

Fixed expenses can include things like mortgage payments or rent, credit card payments, car payments, and essential utilities like electric, water, and sewage.



List your variable monthly expenses. You also need to record your variable monthly expenses, which are items for which the amount of money you spend each month varies. These expenses are not necessarily essential and are likely where you will make adjustments to your spending in your budget.

Variable expenses can include things like groceries, gasoline, gym memberships, and eating out.



Total your monthly income and expenses. Once you have recorded all of your income and expenses, both fixed and variable, total each category. Ultimately, you want your income to be larger than your expenses. If it is, you can then decide where it is best for you to spend your excess income. If your expenses are more than your income, you will need to make adjustments to your budget to cut your spending or increase your income.



Adjust your variable expenses to hit your goal. If your budget shows you are spending more than you are earning in income, look at your variable expenses to find places you can cut back on spending, since these items are usually non-essential.

For example, if you are eating out four nights a week, you may have to cut this back to two nights a week. This will free up money you can put toward essential expenses like college loans or credit card debt.

In addition, you may be paying unnecessary monthly fees, like overdraft or late fees. If you are spending money on these types of fees, work on making your payments on time and keeping a bit of a cushion in your bank account.

Alternatively, you can work on earning more instead of spending less. Evaluate whether or not you can pick up a few extra hours of work a week, work overtime, or work any side jobs to increase the amount of money you’re bringing in each month.



Review your budget every month. At the end of each month, take some time and review your spending over the past month. Did you stick to your budget? If not, where did you veer off course? Pinpointing where you are exceeding your budget will help you figure out what kind of spending you need to pay attention to most. Reviewing your budget can also be encouraging if you find you are sticking to it. You may find that it’s extremely motivating seeing the amount of money you saved by cutting back the number of days you eat out a week, for example.













Strategizing to Pay Down Debt..



Pay more than the minimum amount due each month. Even following a strict budget doesn’t mean you can totally avoid debt. Large purchases, like cars, school, and houses often require you to take out a significant loan. In addition, it can be easy to rack up credit card debt quickly. One of the personal finance basics you must understand is how to take care of this debt as quickly as possible. The first step to doing this is to pay more than the minimum payment as often as you can.

For example, say the minimum payment on your car loan is $50 a month. Paying even $60 a month toward this loan can help you pay it off sooner and cut down on the amount you pay in finance charges over time. The more you can pay above the minimum, the better.



Transfer credit card balances with high annual percentage rates. If you have a credit card for which you are paying a high annual percentage rate (APR), it might be a good idea to look into transferring this balance to a credit card that offers a lower APR or no APR for a certain amount of time. This way, your entire payment will be applied to your balance, not interest.

Read the fine print before transferring a balance. Most cards charge a transfer fee (3% of the balance, for example) and only offer 0% APR for a limited amount of time (12 or 18 months, for example). Make sure you understand the terms of your new agreement and shop around for the best option before transferring your balance.



Calculate the amount of debt on each credit card. If you have multiple credit cards, compare the amount of debt you have on each one. You can use this information in two different ways:

Some people believe paying off the credit card with the smallest balance first is best. The idea here is that getting the smaller amount of debt paid off will motivate you and allow you to focus on your remaining debt.

Alternatively, some people believe you should focus on paying off the largest balance because you will be paying the most in interest on this balance. To do this, you would try to make more than the minimum payment on this balance, while paying only the minimum on your smaller balance.

If possible, the best solution is to pay more than the minimum simultaneously on each balance.



Dedicate excess funds toward paying off debt. Once you are able to follow your monthly budget, dedicate any extra funds you have at the end of the month toward paying down your debt. It can be tempting to use this money to treat yourself to a fancy dinner or a new TV, but remember your long-term goals before doing this. In the long run, paying down debt will serve you better than treating yourself to something unnecessary.



Consolidate your debt. If you have multiple credit card accounts, student loans, a mortgage, a car loan, or any combination of these debts, consolidating them into one payment may help you manage them more easily. Typically, when you consolidate debt, you’ll get a debt consolidation loan. These loans usually have a lower interest rate and require lower monthly payments.

While consolidating your debt can make it easier to manage, it may also increase the amount you’ll pay in the long run because it extends your payments over a longer period of time.

If your credit score is not good, you may need a co-signer to be able to get a debt consolidation loan.

You can also consolidate your credit card debt by transferring all of your balances to a 0% APR credit card. If you think you can pay off your debt within 12 to 18 months, this might be a good option. However, if you think it will take you significantly longer to pay it off, this might not be a good option because the 0% APR is usually only good for 12 to 18 months.



Refinance your loans. Refinancing is generally a good option if your financial situation has improved since taking out your loan. Similar to consolidating your debt, refinancing your loans also consolidates your debts and may allow you to make lower monthly payments on your loans. Refinancing might also allow you to shorten the term of your loan to pay off your debts more quickly. In addition, depending on your financial situation, you may also be eligible for a lower interest rate.





Choose a student loan repayment plan. If you can afford it, the standard repayment plan is your best option for repaying federal loans. A standard plan requires you to pay the same amount every month over a ten year period. If you can’t afford the payments on a standard plan, however, the government offers two alternative categories of plans—income-driven and basic.

Income-driven repayment plans extend the terms of your loan to 20 or 25 years and require you to pay a certain percentage of your income toward your loan each month, rather than a fixed monthly payment. In addition, any amount still owed at the end of your loan term is forgiven.

Basic plans include standard, graduated, and extended repayment options. Standard is the best option if you can afford it, but graduated or extended plans may be right in some situations. Graduated plans start you off with low payments and gradually increase them over time. This plan can be good if you expect to make more money over the years. Extended plans extend the terms of your loan to 25 years, allowing you to make smaller payments each month, but pay more in interest over time.











Saving for Emergencies and Retirement.



Set up automatic deposits. It can be tough to commit to putting money into your savings account every month, but it is important to do so to ensure you have enough money for emergencies and for your future. If possible, make automatic payments into a saving account each month.

For example, set your bank account so it automatically transfers $50 from your checking account to savings account at least once a month.

Or, if your paycheck gets deposited directly into your account, you can usually set it up so that a certain portion (either a dollar amount or a percentage) is deposited straight into your savings account. Most professionals recommend putting 10 to 20 percent of your income towards savings each month.



Contribute to a retirement savings plan. You should start saving for retirement as soon as possible to ensure you’ll have enough money to live comfortably when you are done working. The amount you need to contribute to this savings account monthly depends on a number of different factors, like when you start saving, how much you are starting with, and whether or not you’re going to receive any kind of employer contribution.

Many employers offer a 401k, or a retirement savings plan, of some kind to their employees. A lot of companies will also match a percentage of the employee’s contributions into this account over time. If your employer offers a plan of this sort, start contributing to it as soon as you can, even if it is just a small amount.

If you are self-employed or your employer does not offer any kind of retirement savings plan, you can set up your own plan through investment websites or many banks.

Consult a financial advisor to figure out how much you should be putting away for retirement to reach your goals.[19]



Build an emergency fund. In addition to saving for retirement, you also need to save for emergencies, like losing a job, costly car repairs, or unexpected medical expenses. You can use your bank’s savings account for this emergency fund.

Financial professionals recommend you have enough in your savings account to cover a month and a half of living expenses for each person you claim as a dependent. For example, if you are married with one child, you should have enough to cover four and a half months of living expenses.











Investing for Beginners.



Invest in a Target Date Fund (TDF). Figuring out where to invest your money is one of the hardest parts of personal finance basics. Essentially, you want to invest in a variety of stocks, bonds, and treasuries—but which ones? Target Date Funds make this a little easier for you. A TDF is basically a hands-off retirement account. You enter the age you want to retire and the TDF will automatically spread the money you put into this account across a wide variety of stocks, bonds, and treasuries.

Some of the recommended companies through which to do this are Vanguard, Fidelity, and T. Rowe Price.



Diversify your investments. If you choose a more hands-on approach to investing, it is important to diversify your portfolio to reduce risk. Diversifying means that you choose a variety of stocks, bonds, and treasuries in which to invest. You should make sure your investments are spread over a number of different companies and industries. This way, if one company or industry suffers a financial downturn, you will only lose a portion of your investment, not the whole thing.



Invest in your 401k. As mentioned above, investing in a 401k provided by your company is a good idea. There are a couple really good things about this option. First of all, most of the time, the money you put into a 401k is deferred on your taxes until you take it out of the account. Some 401ks are taxed before investing, however, so check with your employer to find out which one you have. Second, your employer will often match the amount of money in your 401k (up to a certain amount) so you are, essentially, getting free money just for investing.

You should invest in a company match 401k even if you are in debt. The return you receive on this type of investing is often more than what your debt is.

The amount of money your company will match often depends how much you invest in your 401k. Usually, you have to hit certain investment thresholds, which will then determine the percentage your company will match.



Invest in a Roth IRA. Another investment opportunity offered by many employers is a Roth IRA. In a Roth IRA, you pay taxes up front on your investment. Investing in a Roth IRA is an especially good idea for young people with low incomes, considering the tax rate will likely increase in their lifetime. This type of investment can be very helpful because it will provide you with a pot of money for your retirement that won’t shrink due to taxes.]















Understanding Why to Insure Your Investments.



Get property insurance. You should invest in property insurance to protect your home, which is often one of your biggest assets. Property insurance is actually required if you have a mortgage. This type of insurance will protect you from having to pay out-of-pocket for any major unforeseen home repairs.

If you rent, it is just as important to invest in renter’s insurance. Your belongings can add up to a significant investment and getting renter’s insurance will help protect you in the event of a burglary, fire, flood, or other disaster.



Buy life insurance. Getting life insurance is especially important if you have a family or are married. Life insurance makes sure your income (or at least part of it) is supplemented in the event that you pass away. This is important because your family could face very tough financial situations if they are unable to make up for the portion of income you brought to the table.



Get health insurance. Health insurance premiums can be a small price to pay if you find yourself sick or seriously injured. Medical bills alone can put you in serious debt if you don’t have some sort of insurance policy. In addition, you’ll likely miss a significant amount of work if you are seriously injured, leaving you no way to pay these bills.

Many employers offer health insurance to their employees at a discounted rate. Usually only full-time employees are eligible to receive health insurance through the company, but some companies may offer it to part-time employees as well.

Buying health insurance independently, without the help of an employer, can be expensive. However, it is worth investing in to make sure you are not crippled by debt in the event you become sick or injured.[28]



Buy automobile insurance. Finally, you should invest in automobile insurance. In fact, it is required of anyone who owns a car in the United States. Auto insurance helps cover the cost to repair your car after an accident and medical bills for you and others involved. A major car accident can put you in debt from car repairs and time off work if you’re injured. It is also possible your assets can be seized to help pay for the other driver’s medical bills if the accident is your fault. Having automobile insurance can help diffuse some of these costs and help keep you out of debt.















Working with a Financial Planner.



Start now. One of the most important things you can do for your personal finances is to start thinking about them and working on them early. It may seem like you have plenty of time to save for retirement, but you can actually lose a lot of money in interest if you wait too long. Make financial planning a regular part of your life—like going to the doctor—and get started as soon as possible.

Get your significant other involved. If you are planning a future together, make sure to include your significant other in your planning. Talking to your partner and including them in the process will ensure you are both on the same page with your spending and saving habits and allow you to develop a plan that meets both of your needs.



Be proactive. Some people assume that everything will work out in the long-run and ignore negative cues about their finances. If you do this, however, you could set yourself up for a major loss. Instead, think about how negative financial situations, like severe drops in the stock market, might affect your financial security and plan alternative options.



Plan out the details. Many people see saving for retirement as a race to reach a certain amount of savings before the date they retire. This approach can be misleading, however. Instead, think about the things you’ll need to pay for, like housing, healthcare, eldercare, hobbies, transportation, and so on. Do your best to figure out how much these products and services will cost you and how you’ll finance them.





Tips.

Figuring out how to handle your personal finances can be very confusing whether you’re a beginner or not. It is a good idea to consult a financial planner to help you decide how to best handle your money.

November 13, 2019

how to understand personal finance basics

How to Understand Personal Finance Basics.

Understanding your personal finances can be very overwhelming, particularly if you’re just starting out. It is tough to know how best to handle your money, how to go about paying off debt, and where and when to invest. By following some basic steps for doing these things, as well as saving for emergencies and retirement and insuring the assets you’ve worked hard to obtain, you can begin to understand your personal finances and become more confident in your ability to make good decisions regarding them.





Learning How to Create a Budget.



Gather your financial statements and information. Creating a budget is one of the most important aspects of personal finance. A solid budget allows you to plan for how you’ll spend the money you bring in each month and illustrates your spending patterns. To begin, gather all the financial information you can, including bank statements, pay stubs, credit card bills, utility bills, investment account statements, and any other information you can think of.

Most people make monthly budgets so your goal is to figure out how much you make in a month and what your monthly expenses are. The more detail you can provide, the better your budget will be.



Record your monthly income. After gathering all of your financial data, separate out your sources of income. Record the amount of income you bring home in a month. Be sure to include any side jobs you have.

If your income varies from month to month, it may be helpful to figure out your average monthly income for the last six months or so.



List your fixed monthly expenses. Next, look over your financial documents and record any fixed expenses you have, or those that are essential and do not change much from month to month.

Fixed expenses can include things like mortgage payments or rent, credit card payments, car payments, and essential utilities like electric, water, and sewage.



List your variable monthly expenses. You also need to record your variable monthly expenses, which are items for which the amount of money you spend each month varies. These expenses are not necessarily essential and are likely where you will make adjustments to your spending in your budget.

Variable expenses can include things like groceries, gasoline, gym memberships, and eating out.



Total your monthly income and expenses. Once you have recorded all of your income and expenses, both fixed and variable, total each category. Ultimately, you want your income to be larger than your expenses. If it is, you can then decide where it is best for you to spend your excess income. If your expenses are more than your income, you will need to make adjustments to your budget to cut your spending or increase your income.



Adjust your variable expenses to hit your goal. If your budget shows you are spending more than you are earning in income, look at your variable expenses to find places you can cut back on spending, since these items are usually non-essential.

For example, if you are eating out four nights a week, you may have to cut this back to two nights a week. This will free up money you can put toward essential expenses like college loans or credit card debt.

In addition, you may be paying unnecessary monthly fees, like overdraft or late fees. If you are spending money on these types of fees, work on making your payments on time and keeping a bit of a cushion in your bank account.

Alternatively, you can work on earning more instead of spending less. Evaluate whether or not you can pick up a few extra hours of work a week, work overtime, or work any side jobs to increase the amount of money you’re bringing in each month.



Review your budget every month. At the end of each month, take some time and review your spending over the past month. Did you stick to your budget? If not, where did you veer off course? Pinpointing where you are exceeding your budget will help you figure out what kind of spending you need to pay attention to most. Reviewing your budget can also be encouraging if you find you are sticking to it. You may find that it’s extremely motivating seeing the amount of money you saved by cutting back the number of days you eat out a week, for example.













Strategizing to Pay Down Debt..



Pay more than the minimum amount due each month. Even following a strict budget doesn’t mean you can totally avoid debt. Large purchases, like cars, school, and houses often require you to take out a significant loan. In addition, it can be easy to rack up credit card debt quickly. One of the personal finance basics you must understand is how to take care of this debt as quickly as possible. The first step to doing this is to pay more than the minimum payment as often as you can.

For example, say the minimum payment on your car loan is $50 a month. Paying even $60 a month toward this loan can help you pay it off sooner and cut down on the amount you pay in finance charges over time. The more you can pay above the minimum, the better.



Transfer credit card balances with high annual percentage rates. If you have a credit card for which you are paying a high annual percentage rate (APR), it might be a good idea to look into transferring this balance to a credit card that offers a lower APR or no APR for a certain amount of time. This way, your entire payment will be applied to your balance, not interest.

Read the fine print before transferring a balance. Most cards charge a transfer fee (3% of the balance, for example) and only offer 0% APR for a limited amount of time (12 or 18 months, for example). Make sure you understand the terms of your new agreement and shop around for the best option before transferring your balance.



Calculate the amount of debt on each credit card. If you have multiple credit cards, compare the amount of debt you have on each one. You can use this information in two different ways:

Some people believe paying off the credit card with the smallest balance first is best. The idea here is that getting the smaller amount of debt paid off will motivate you and allow you to focus on your remaining debt.

Alternatively, some people believe you should focus on paying off the largest balance because you will be paying the most in interest on this balance. To do this, you would try to make more than the minimum payment on this balance, while paying only the minimum on your smaller balance.

If possible, the best solution is to pay more than the minimum simultaneously on each balance.



Dedicate excess funds toward paying off debt. Once you are able to follow your monthly budget, dedicate any extra funds you have at the end of the month toward paying down your debt. It can be tempting to use this money to treat yourself to a fancy dinner or a new TV, but remember your long-term goals before doing this. In the long run, paying down debt will serve you better than treating yourself to something unnecessary.



Consolidate your debt. If you have multiple credit card accounts, student loans, a mortgage, a car loan, or any combination of these debts, consolidating them into one payment may help you manage them more easily. Typically, when you consolidate debt, you’ll get a debt consolidation loan. These loans usually have a lower interest rate and require lower monthly payments.

While consolidating your debt can make it easier to manage, it may also increase the amount you’ll pay in the long run because it extends your payments over a longer period of time.

If your credit score is not good, you may need a co-signer to be able to get a debt consolidation loan.

You can also consolidate your credit card debt by transferring all of your balances to a 0% APR credit card. If you think you can pay off your debt within 12 to 18 months, this might be a good option. However, if you think it will take you significantly longer to pay it off, this might not be a good option because the 0% APR is usually only good for 12 to 18 months.



Refinance your loans. Refinancing is generally a good option if your financial situation has improved since taking out your loan. Similar to consolidating your debt, refinancing your loans also consolidates your debts and may allow you to make lower monthly payments on your loans. Refinancing might also allow you to shorten the term of your loan to pay off your debts more quickly. In addition, depending on your financial situation, you may also be eligible for a lower interest rate.





Choose a student loan repayment plan. If you can afford it, the standard repayment plan is your best option for repaying federal loans. A standard plan requires you to pay the same amount every month over a ten year period. If you can’t afford the payments on a standard plan, however, the government offers two alternative categories of plans—income-driven and basic.

Income-driven repayment plans extend the terms of your loan to 20 or 25 years and require you to pay a certain percentage of your income toward your loan each month, rather than a fixed monthly payment. In addition, any amount still owed at the end of your loan term is forgiven.

Basic plans include standard, graduated, and extended repayment options. Standard is the best option if you can afford it, but graduated or extended plans may be right in some situations. Graduated plans start you off with low payments and gradually increase them over time. This plan can be good if you expect to make more money over the years. Extended plans extend the terms of your loan to 25 years, allowing you to make smaller payments each month, but pay more in interest over time.











Saving for Emergencies and Retirement.



Set up automatic deposits. It can be tough to commit to putting money into your savings account every month, but it is important to do so to ensure you have enough money for emergencies and for your future. If possible, make automatic payments into a saving account each month.

For example, set your bank account so it automatically transfers $50 from your checking account to savings account at least once a month.

Or, if your paycheck gets deposited directly into your account, you can usually set it up so that a certain portion (either a dollar amount or a percentage) is deposited straight into your savings account. Most professionals recommend putting 10 to 20 percent of your income towards savings each month.



Contribute to a retirement savings plan. You should start saving for retirement as soon as possible to ensure you’ll have enough money to live comfortably when you are done working. The amount you need to contribute to this savings account monthly depends on a number of different factors, like when you start saving, how much you are starting with, and whether or not you’re going to receive any kind of employer contribution.

Many employers offer a 401k, or a retirement savings plan, of some kind to their employees. A lot of companies will also match a percentage of the employee’s contributions into this account over time. If your employer offers a plan of this sort, start contributing to it as soon as you can, even if it is just a small amount.

If you are self-employed or your employer does not offer any kind of retirement savings plan, you can set up your own plan through investment websites or many banks.

Consult a financial advisor to figure out how much you should be putting away for retirement to reach your goals.[19]



Build an emergency fund. In addition to saving for retirement, you also need to save for emergencies, like losing a job, costly car repairs, or unexpected medical expenses. You can use your bank’s savings account for this emergency fund.

Financial professionals recommend you have enough in your savings account to cover a month and a half of living expenses for each person you claim as a dependent. For example, if you are married with one child, you should have enough to cover four and a half months of living expenses.











Investing for Beginners.



Invest in a Target Date Fund (TDF). Figuring out where to invest your money is one of the hardest parts of personal finance basics. Essentially, you want to invest in a variety of stocks, bonds, and treasuries—but which ones? Target Date Funds make this a little easier for you. A TDF is basically a hands-off retirement account. You enter the age you want to retire and the TDF will automatically spread the money you put into this account across a wide variety of stocks, bonds, and treasuries.

Some of the recommended companies through which to do this are Vanguard, Fidelity, and T. Rowe Price.



Diversify your investments. If you choose a more hands-on approach to investing, it is important to diversify your portfolio to reduce risk. Diversifying means that you choose a variety of stocks, bonds, and treasuries in which to invest. You should make sure your investments are spread over a number of different companies and industries. This way, if one company or industry suffers a financial downturn, you will only lose a portion of your investment, not the whole thing.



Invest in your 401k. As mentioned above, investing in a 401k provided by your company is a good idea. There are a couple really good things about this option. First of all, most of the time, the money you put into a 401k is deferred on your taxes until you take it out of the account. Some 401ks are taxed before investing, however, so check with your employer to find out which one you have. Second, your employer will often match the amount of money in your 401k (up to a certain amount) so you are, essentially, getting free money just for investing.

You should invest in a company match 401k even if you are in debt. The return you receive on this type of investing is often more than what your debt is.

The amount of money your company will match often depends how much you invest in your 401k. Usually, you have to hit certain investment thresholds, which will then determine the percentage your company will match.



Invest in a Roth IRA. Another investment opportunity offered by many employers is a Roth IRA. In a Roth IRA, you pay taxes up front on your investment. Investing in a Roth IRA is an especially good idea for young people with low incomes, considering the tax rate will likely increase in their lifetime. This type of investment can be very helpful because it will provide you with a pot of money for your retirement that won’t shrink due to taxes.]















Understanding Why to Insure Your Investments.



Get property insurance. You should invest in property insurance to protect your home, which is often one of your biggest assets. Property insurance is actually required if you have a mortgage. This type of insurance will protect you from having to pay out-of-pocket for any major unforeseen home repairs.

If you rent, it is just as important to invest in renter’s insurance. Your belongings can add up to a significant investment and getting renter’s insurance will help protect you in the event of a burglary, fire, flood, or other disaster.



Buy life insurance. Getting life insurance is especially important if you have a family or are married. Life insurance makes sure your income (or at least part of it) is supplemented in the event that you pass away. This is important because your family could face very tough financial situations if they are unable to make up for the portion of income you brought to the table.



Get health insurance. Health insurance premiums can be a small price to pay if you find yourself sick or seriously injured. Medical bills alone can put you in serious debt if you don’t have some sort of insurance policy. In addition, you’ll likely miss a significant amount of work if you are seriously injured, leaving you no way to pay these bills.

Many employers offer health insurance to their employees at a discounted rate. Usually only full-time employees are eligible to receive health insurance through the company, but some companies may offer it to part-time employees as well.

Buying health insurance independently, without the help of an employer, can be expensive. However, it is worth investing in to make sure you are not crippled by debt in the event you become sick or injured.[28]



Buy automobile insurance. Finally, you should invest in automobile insurance. In fact, it is required of anyone who owns a car in the United States. Auto insurance helps cover the cost to repair your car after an accident and medical bills for you and others involved. A major car accident can put you in debt from car repairs and time off work if you’re injured. It is also possible your assets can be seized to help pay for the other driver’s medical bills if the accident is your fault. Having automobile insurance can help diffuse some of these costs and help keep you out of debt.















Working with a Financial Planner.



Start now. One of the most important things you can do for your personal finances is to start thinking about them and working on them early. It may seem like you have plenty of time to save for retirement, but you can actually lose a lot of money in interest if you wait too long. Make financial planning a regular part of your life—like going to the doctor—and get started as soon as possible.

Get your significant other involved. If you are planning a future together, make sure to include your significant other in your planning. Talking to your partner and including them in the process will ensure you are both on the same page with your spending and saving habits and allow you to develop a plan that meets both of your needs.



Be proactive. Some people assume that everything will work out in the long-run and ignore negative cues about their finances. If you do this, however, you could set yourself up for a major loss. Instead, think about how negative financial situations, like severe drops in the stock market, might affect your financial security and plan alternative options.



Plan out the details. Many people see saving for retirement as a race to reach a certain amount of savings before the date they retire. This approach can be misleading, however. Instead, think about the things you’ll need to pay for, like housing, healthcare, eldercare, hobbies, transportation, and so on. Do your best to figure out how much these products and services will cost you and how you’ll finance them.





Tips.

Figuring out how to handle your personal finances can be very confusing whether you’re a beginner or not. It is a good idea to consult a financial planner to help you decide how to best handle your money.

November 10, 2019

how to prepare your finances for a job leave

How to Prepare Your Finances for a Job Leave.

Working people depend on having an income to live. You need to pay for housing, food, health care and many other things. Nevertheless, there may come a time when you want to be able to leave your job. The most common reasons are either retirement or a temporary leave to change jobs or careers. Whatever your reason for wanting to leave work, you will need to make financial plans. You will need to set aside some savings and make changes to your spending. Your mortgage and insurance costs will be an important part of the picture as well. With adequate planning, you can make it happen.



Method 1 Setting a Target.

1. Choose a date. Some people may decide at the start of their career that they want to work to age 50, or 55, or some other number. If you would like to make this a goal, you need to set your target and then work toward it. Claiming to have a goal means nothing unless you take steps to get there, but your first step is to decide what you want.

2. Identify an event. Your target to leave your present job may be some event, such as reaching a particular level of expertise or the day your supervisor leaves. Some of these targeting events may be under your control, and some may not. The less certain the event, the more prepared you will need to be.

For example, you may have decided that you want to leave your present company if they ever sell out or merge with some other company. Since you cannot control something like this and may not know when it is coming, you should try to have some alternative source of employment at least in mind for when the time comes.

In the event of a maternity leave, you may not know for years exactly when it is coming, but then in the final nine months (or so) you will know almost exactly. You can plan in general to have some savings set aside, and then when you get pregnant you can begin making some specific last-minute preparations.

Sometimes, the "event" that triggers a temporary leave might be a long-term illness, either yours or someone you need to care for. This can come with almost no advance warning. You need to plan for the general contingency and make some emergency preparations.

3. Plan a savings target. This is probably the most controllable concept. You can sit down with a financial planner and decide how much money you would need to have in savings to allow yourself and your family to survive adequately without your income. Then work toward setting aside that amount of money. As time goes by and interest rates fluctuate, you may need to adjust your plans accordingly. However, setting the target and doing the work up front will help you be as prepared as you can be.

If your target is to retire early, financial experts recommend that your savings target should be about 25 times your annual salary. You will then be able to withdraw money at the rate of about 4% per year.

If you target is to be able to leave work temporarily to look for a new job or another reason, then your target will be whatever amount you need to meet your expenses for that time. For example, the average job search is approximately four to six months, so you should plan to have savings to cover your living costs for that long.



Method 2 Reaching Your Target.

1. Work with a financial adviser. If you want to plan for leaving your job, you should enlist the help of a qualified financial adviser. Someone with expertise in investing can help you decide how much you need to save and can help you find the best ways to invest. If you want some help with finding a qualified financial adviser, read Hire a Financial Advisor or Select a Financial Advisor.

2. Invest your savings carefully. Working with your financial adviser, you will want to do more than just place your earnings in a bank account. Simple savings accounts earn very low interest. You will do better to invest in bonds, stocks or other securities, in accordance with your adviser’s opinions.

Investing works best when you begin as early as possible. Your best ally when saving is time. Your interest compounds more effectively when you begin early.

If your focus is to be able to take a temporary leave at some time, then you may need to have your savings in a readily accessible account. Long-term IRA savings are good for retirement planning, but you may need to be able to withdraw money sooner. Work with your adviser to find the best investment or savings plans for your needs.

If you want to plan for a lengthy, temporary leave, such as for a maternity or family illness, you will want to have savings in some readily accessible account. A short-term bond or money market may be the best bet, or even a simple savings account that you earmark for such an emergency.

3. Cut your expenses as much as possible. Many people live their lives from month to month and use a great deal of their income. If you manage a budget this way, you will do fine from month to month, but you will greatly delay your savings plan. If your goal is to be able to leave work, you should begin by cutting expenses as much as possible.

To begin cutting expenses, start by listing them all. Then review how you spend your money over a one- to three-month period and identify the expenses that you believe you can live without. Perhaps you can reduce the number of times that you go out to dinner. Maybe you can cut some entertainment expenses.

Manage your utilities. Try to reduce some of your monthly expenses by reducing utility usage in your home. Manage the heat, turn off lights, and do what you can to save water. These sound like small steps, but over time they can all add up.

Cutting expenses is a powerful financial tool for any job leave, whether permanent/retirement or a temporary leave for illness, maternity or some other reason. You need to consider the absence from work as an overall change in your lifestyle.

4. Plan to spend some on your new job search. Part of setting your target, if you are anticipating leaving your current job, should be to have some savings available to spend on a search for a new one. You will need money for correspondence, printing resumes, travel, parking, and possibly one or two new interview suits. You should anticipate these costs, estimate the amount of money that you will need, and set this aside as part of your target savings.



Method 3 Handling Your Mortgage.

1. Recognize the importance of your mortgage. For most people, housing payments make up the largest expenses they have. If you are paying rent, rather than owning your residence, those monthly payments are effectively doing nothing for you. If possible, purchase a property and get a mortgage. In this way, your monthly payments will be building equity for you. At the end of your mortgage, you will own the property outright in your own name.

2. Aim for your target date. As much as possible, try to align your mortgage to your target retirement date. That is, if you are relatively young and just starting out, then you may want to get a 30 year mortgage to last the duration of your career. However, if you can afford the monthly payments of a shorter mortgage, you will be setting aside money toward your equity at a faster rate.

3. Refinance when possible. When mortgage interest rates go down, you should try to refinance. By refinancing, you will get a lower interest rate and reduce your monthly payments. You may also take that opportunity to refinance into a shorter term. For example, if you started out with a 30 year mortgage, you may be able to refinance to a 20-year or even 10-year mortgage, for roughly the same (or even lower) monthly payment amount. More of the money, that way, will be going to pay down the principal loan.

4. Downsize after retiring. When you do leave your job, whether for permanent retirement or as a temporary leave, you may want to consider changing your residence. Many retirees choose to move to a smaller house with a lower expenses and mortgage costs. You may also wish to move to a different part of the country with lower overall costs of living.



Method 4 Making Other Miscellaneous Arrrangements.

1. Investigate your employer's maternity leave benefits. Some employers will offer paid maternity leave for some period of time. Others may stick to the allotted unpaid leave that is required under the Family and Medical Leave Act, which allows up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave. However, many small employers are even exempt from this. You need to find out what policy your employer has, and use that information to help you determine what financial help you will need.

For a maternity leave, you can also investigate whether you can be covered under short term disability insurance. This could provide a portion of your salary during your leave. To investigate coverage, you should talk with your employer or human resources personnel, or your own insurance company.

2. Plan some alternative, temporary income. If you are out of work temporarily, either looking for a new job, on a maternity leave, caring for an ill family member or for some other reason, you may want to plan for some temporary work that you can do. Find something that gives you the flexibility that you need to go along with your leave, but still provides some income for you and your family. For example.

Even with a new baby or an ill family member, you can probably find some time to tutor a few students a week or teach music lessons (if you have that talent).

You might be able to do some freelance writing or editing.

3. Transfer your company-based savings plans. If you participated in an employer-based savings or retirement plan, you should transfer that plan when you leave. Your financial adviser may be able to help you set up a personal IRA, or you might talk to an investments adviser at your bank.

4. Collect any payout benefits. If your company allowed you to accrue vacation time or sick time, you might be able to cash that in and collect an additional payment in accordance with your contract. In some cases, this can be a valuable payoff amount.

In some cases, you may be able to collect a partial cash payout for unused sick or vacation days to provide some cash for a temporary emergency leave, such as a family illness or bereavement leave. Even if such a benefit is not standard, you may want to talk with your employer and come up with some creative possibilities.

If you are not aware whether or not you have such a benefit, contact your company’s human resources department and ask.

5. Maximize stock options, if any. If you were granted the option to purchase stock in the company, and you have not exercised that option to its fullest potential, you should do so before leaving. These options can often be very valuable and will not be available to you later.

Depending on your contract, you may have a set period of time to purchase such options upon your separation from the company.

6. Plan for health insurance. One of the primary benefits of employment is having health insurance. When you plan to leave, whether for permanent retirement or a temporary leave for a job change, you will need to make plans for some replacement health insurance. You may wish to investigate the following options:

If you are under age 26, your parents may be able to add you to their health plan.

If you participated in the insurance plan through your employer, you may be eligible through COBRA to continue on that plan for up to 3 years by making your own monthly payments.

Your spouse or partner may be able to add you to their health plan.

February 11, 2020

How to Prepare Your Finances for a Job Leave.

How to Prepare Your Finances for a Job Leave.

Working people depend on having an income to live. You need to pay for housing, food, health care and many other things. Nevertheless, there may come a time when you want to be able to leave your job. The most common reasons are either retirement or a temporary leave to change jobs or careers. Whatever your reason for wanting to leave work, you will need to make financial plans. You will need to set aside some savings and make changes to your spending. Your mortgage and insurance costs will be an important part of the picture as well. With adequate planning, you can make it happen.



Method 1 Setting a Target.

1. Choose a date. Some people may decide at the start of their career that they want to work to age 50, or 55, or some other number. If you would like to make this a goal, you need to set your target and then work toward it. Claiming to have a goal means nothing unless you take steps to get there, but your first step is to decide what you want.

2. Identify an event. Your target to leave your present job may be some event, such as reaching a particular level of expertise or the day your supervisor leaves. Some of these targeting events may be under your control, and some may not. The less certain the event, the more prepared you will need to be.

For example, you may have decided that you want to leave your present company if they ever sell out or merge with some other company. Since you cannot control something like this and may not know when it is coming, you should try to have some alternative source of employment at least in mind for when the time comes.

In the event of a maternity leave, you may not know for years exactly when it is coming, but then in the final nine months (or so) you will know almost exactly. You can plan in general to have some savings set aside, and then when you get pregnant you can begin making some specific last-minute preparations.

Sometimes, the "event" that triggers a temporary leave might be a long-term illness, either yours or someone you need to care for. This can come with almost no advance warning. You need to plan for the general contingency and make some emergency preparations.

3. Plan a savings target. This is probably the most controllable concept. You can sit down with a financial planner and decide how much money you would need to have in savings to allow yourself and your family to survive adequately without your income. Then work toward setting aside that amount of money. As time goes by and interest rates fluctuate, you may need to adjust your plans accordingly. However, setting the target and doing the work up front will help you be as prepared as you can be.

If your target is to retire early, financial experts recommend that your savings target should be about 25 times your annual salary. You will then be able to withdraw money at the rate of about 4% per year.

If you target is to be able to leave work temporarily to look for a new job or another reason, then your target will be whatever amount you need to meet your expenses for that time. For example, the average job search is approximately four to six months, so you should plan to have savings to cover your living costs for that long.



Method 2 Reaching Your Target.

1. Work with a financial adviser. If you want to plan for leaving your job, you should enlist the help of a qualified financial adviser. Someone with expertise in investing can help you decide how much you need to save and can help you find the best ways to invest. If you want some help with finding a qualified financial adviser, read Hire a Financial Advisor or Select a Financial Advisor.

2. Invest your savings carefully. Working with your financial adviser, you will want to do more than just place your earnings in a bank account. Simple savings accounts earn very low interest. You will do better to invest in bonds, stocks or other securities, in accordance with your adviser’s opinions.

Investing works best when you begin as early as possible. Your best ally when saving is time. Your interest compounds more effectively when you begin early.

If your focus is to be able to take a temporary leave at some time, then you may need to have your savings in a readily accessible account. Long-term IRA savings are good for retirement planning, but you may need to be able to withdraw money sooner. Work with your adviser to find the best investment or savings plans for your needs.

If you want to plan for a lengthy, temporary leave, such as for a maternity or family illness, you will want to have savings in some readily accessible account. A short-term bond or money market may be the best bet, or even a simple savings account that you earmark for such an emergency.

3. Cut your expenses as much as possible. Many people live their lives from month to month and use a great deal of their income. If you manage a budget this way, you will do fine from month to month, but you will greatly delay your savings plan. If your goal is to be able to leave work, you should begin by cutting expenses as much as possible.

To begin cutting expenses, start by listing them all. Then review how you spend your money over a one- to three-month period and identify the expenses that you believe you can live without. Perhaps you can reduce the number of times that you go out to dinner. Maybe you can cut some entertainment expenses.

Manage your utilities. Try to reduce some of your monthly expenses by reducing utility usage in your home. Manage the heat, turn off lights, and do what you can to save water. These sound like small steps, but over time they can all add up.

Cutting expenses is a powerful financial tool for any job leave, whether permanent/retirement or a temporary leave for illness, maternity or some other reason. You need to consider the absence from work as an overall change in your lifestyle.

4. Plan to spend some on your new job search. Part of setting your target, if you are anticipating leaving your current job, should be to have some savings available to spend on a search for a new one. You will need money for correspondence, printing resumes, travel, parking, and possibly one or two new interview suits. You should anticipate these costs, estimate the amount of money that you will need, and set this aside as part of your target savings.



Method 3 Handling Your Mortgage.

1. Recognize the importance of your mortgage. For most people, housing payments make up the largest expenses they have. If you are paying rent, rather than owning your residence, those monthly payments are effectively doing nothing for you. If possible, purchase a property and get a mortgage. In this way, your monthly payments will be building equity for you. At the end of your mortgage, you will own the property outright in your own name.

2. Aim for your target date. As much as possible, try to align your mortgage to your target retirement date. That is, if you are relatively young and just starting out, then you may want to get a 30 year mortgage to last the duration of your career. However, if you can afford the monthly payments of a shorter mortgage, you will be setting aside money toward your equity at a faster rate.

3. Refinance when possible. When mortgage interest rates go down, you should try to refinance. By refinancing, you will get a lower interest rate and reduce your monthly payments. You may also take that opportunity to refinance into a shorter term. For example, if you started out with a 30 year mortgage, you may be able to refinance to a 20-year or even 10-year mortgage, for roughly the same (or even lower) monthly payment amount. More of the money, that way, will be going to pay down the principal loan.

4. Downsize after retiring. When you do leave your job, whether for permanent retirement or as a temporary leave, you may want to consider changing your residence. Many retirees choose to move to a smaller house with a lower expenses and mortgage costs. You may also wish to move to a different part of the country with lower overall costs of living.



Method 4 Making Other Miscellaneous Arrrangements.

1. Investigate your employer's maternity leave benefits. Some employers will offer paid maternity leave for some period of time. Others may stick to the allotted unpaid leave that is required under the Family and Medical Leave Act, which allows up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave. However, many small employers are even exempt from this. You need to find out what policy your employer has, and use that information to help you determine what financial help you will need.

For a maternity leave, you can also investigate whether you can be covered under short term disability insurance. This could provide a portion of your salary during your leave. To investigate coverage, you should talk with your employer or human resources personnel, or your own insurance company.

2. Plan some alternative, temporary income. If you are out of work temporarily, either looking for a new job, on a maternity leave, caring for an ill family member or for some other reason, you may want to plan for some temporary work that you can do. Find something that gives you the flexibility that you need to go along with your leave, but still provides some income for you and your family. For example.

Even with a new baby or an ill family member, you can probably find some time to tutor a few students a week or teach music lessons (if you have that talent).

You might be able to do some freelance writing or editing.

3. Transfer your company-based savings plans. If you participated in an employer-based savings or retirement plan, you should transfer that plan when you leave. Your financial adviser may be able to help you set up a personal IRA, or you might talk to an investments adviser at your bank.

4. Collect any payout benefits. If your company allowed you to accrue vacation time or sick time, you might be able to cash that in and collect an additional payment in accordance with your contract. In some cases, this can be a valuable payoff amount.

In some cases, you may be able to collect a partial cash payout for unused sick or vacation days to provide some cash for a temporary emergency leave, such as a family illness or bereavement leave. Even if such a benefit is not standard, you may want to talk with your employer and come up with some creative possibilities.

If you are not aware whether or not you have such a benefit, contact your company’s human resources department and ask.

5. Maximize stock options, if any. If you were granted the option to purchase stock in the company, and you have not exercised that option to its fullest potential, you should do so before leaving. These options can often be very valuable and will not be available to you later.

Depending on your contract, you may have a set period of time to purchase such options upon your separation from the company.

6. Plan for health insurance. One of the primary benefits of employment is having health insurance. When you plan to leave, whether for permanent retirement or a temporary leave for a job change, you will need to make plans for some replacement health insurance. You may wish to investigate the following options:

If you are under age 26, your parents may be able to add you to their health plan.

If you participated in the insurance plan through your employer, you may be eligible through COBRA to continue on that plan for up to 3 years by making your own monthly payments.

Your spouse or partner may be able to add you to their health plan.

February 25, 2020

How to Build a Stock Portfolio

How to Build a Stock Portfolio.

The stock market and its potential for risk intimidates many people. Nonetheless, a well-built stock portfolio is likely to outperform other investments over time. It is possible to build a stock portfolio alone, but a qualified financial planner can help. Knowing your goals and your willingness to take risks in advance, as well as understanding the nature of the market, can help you build a successful portfolio.

Part 1 Designing Your Portfolio.
1. Know what you're willing to invest. As you invest, you'll need to balance your potential risks against your potential rewards. A portfolio's assets are typically determined by the investor's goals, willingness to take risks, and the length of time the investor intends to hold his portfolio. Some of the most important factors to consider in making these decisions are:
The investor's age.
How much time the investor is willing to spend allowing his investments to grow.
Amount of capital the investor is willing to invest.
Projected capital needs for the future.
Other resources investor may have.
2. Decide what kind of investor you'll be. Portfolios usually fall somewhere in the spectrum between aggressive, or high-risk portfolios, and conservative, or low-risk portfolios. Conservative investors simply try to protect and maintain the value of a portfolio, while aggressive investors tend to take risks with the expectation that some of those risks will pay off. There are various online risk assessment tools you can utilize to help assess your risk tolerance.
Understand that your financial goals may change over time, and adjust your portfolio accordingly. Generally, the younger you are, the more risk you can afford or are willing to take. You may be better served with a growth-oriented portfolio. The older you become, the more you'll think about retirement income, and may be better served with an income-oriented portfolio.
Even during retirement, many still need some portion of their portfolio for growth, as many people are living 20, 30 or more years beyond their retirement date.
3. Divide your capital. Once you've decided what kind of investor you'd like to be and what type of portfolio you want to build, you'll need to determine how you intend to allocate (spread around) your capital. Most investors who are new to the market don't know how to pick stocks. Some important factors include:
Determining which sector(s) to invest in. A sector is the category a given industry is placed in.[8] Examples include telecommunications, financial, information technology, transportation and utilities.
Knowing the market capitalization (aka market cap), which is determined by multiplying a given company's outstanding shares by the current price of one share on the market (large-cap, mid-cap, small-cap, etc.).
It is important to diversify holdings across a variety of sectors and market capitalization to lower a portfolio's overall risk.

Part 2 Making Investments.
1. Understand the different kinds of stocks. Stocks represent an ownership stake in the company that issues them. The money generated from the sale of stock is used by the company for its capital projects, and the profits generated by the company's operation may be returned to investors in the form of dividends. Stocks come in two varieties: common and preferred. Preferred stocks are so called because holders of these stocks are paid dividends before owners of common stocks. Most stocks, however, are common stocks, which can be subdivided into the categories below:
Growth stocks are those projected to increase in value faster than the rest of the market, based on their prior performance record. They may entail more risk over time but offer greater potential rewards in the end.
Income stocks are those that do not fluctuate much but have a history of paying out better dividends than other stocks. This category can include both common and preferred stocks.
Value stocks are those that are "undervalued" by the market and can be purchased at a price lower than the underlying worth of the company would suggest. The theory is that when the market "comes to its senses," the owner of such a stock would stand to make a lot of money.
Blue-chip stocks are those that have performed well for a long enough period of time that they are considered fairly stable investments. They may not grow as rapidly as growth stocks or pay as well as income stocks, but they can be depended upon for steady growth or steady income. They are not, however, immune from the fortunes of the market.
Defensive stocks are shares in companies whose products and services people buy, no matter what the economy is doing. They include the stocks of food and beverage companies, pharmaceutical companies and utilities (among others).
Cyclical stocks, in contrast, rise and fall with the economy. They include stocks in such industries as airlines, chemicals, home building and steel manufacturers.
Speculative stocks include the offerings of young companies with new technologies and older companies with new executive talent. They draw investors looking for something new or a way to beat the market. The performance of these stocks is especially unpredictable, and they are sometimes considered to be a high-risk investment.
2. Analyze stock fundamentals. Fundamentals is the term given to the pool of qualitative and quantitative data that are used to determine whether or not a stock is a worthwhile investment in a long-term analysis of the market. Analyzing a company's fundamentals is usually the first step in determining whether or not an investor will buy shares in that company. It is imperative to analyze fundamentals in order to arrive at a company's intrinsic value - that is, the company's actual value as based on perception of all the tangible and intangible aspects of the business, beyond the current market value.
In analyzing the fundamentals of a company, the investor is trying to determine the future value of a company, with all of its projected profits and losses factored in.
3. Analyze qualitative factors. Qualitative factors, such as the expertise and experience of a company's management, various courses of industry cycles, the strength of a company's research and development incentives, and a company's relationship with its workers, are important to take into account when deciding whether or not to invest in a company's stock. It's also important to understand how the company generates its profits and what that company's business model look like in order to have a broad spectrum of qualitative information about that company's stock options.
Try researching companies online before you invest. You should be able to find information about the company's managers, CEO, and board of directors.
4. Look at the price-to-earnings ratio. The P/E ratio can be figured as either the stock's current price against its earnings per share for the last 12 months ("trailing P/E") or its projected earnings for the next 12 months ("anticipated P/E"). A stock selling for $10 per share that earns 10 cents per share has a P/E ratio of 10 divided by 0.1 or 100; a stock selling for $50 per share that earns $2 per share has a P/E ratio of 50 divided by 2 or 25. You want to buy stock with a relatively low P/E ratio.
When looking at P/E ratio, figure the ratio for the stock for several years and compare it to the P/E ratio for other companies in the same industry as well as for indexes representing the entire market, such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average or the Standard and Poor's (S&P) 500.
Comparing the P/E of a stock in one sector to that of a stock in another sector is however, not informative since P/E's vary widely from industry to industry.
5. Look at the return on equity. Also called return on book value, this figure is the company's income after taxes as a percentage of its total book value. It represents how well shareholders are profiting from the company's success. As with P/E ratio, you need to look at several years' worth of returns on equity to get an accurate picture.
6. Look at total return. Total return includes earnings from dividends as well as changes in the value of the stock. This provides a means of comparing the stock with other types of investments.
7. Try investing in companies trading below their current worth. While a broad spectrum of stock investments is important, analysts often recommend buying stock in companies that are trading for lower than they are worth. This sort of value investing does not, however, mean buying "junk" stocks, or stocks that are steadily declining. Value investments are determined by comparing intrinsic market value against the company's current stock share price, without looking at the short-term market fluctuations.
8. Try investing in growth stocks. Growth stocks are investments in companies that exhibit or are predicted to grow significantly faster than other stocks in the market. This involves analyzing a given company's present performance against its past performance amid the industry's ever-fluctuating climate.

Part 3 Maintaining Your Portfolio.
1. Avoid dipping into investments. Once you've invested capital in a stock, it's important to let the stock grow for at least a year without selling your shares. Consider for all intents and purposes that this money cannot be withdrawn and spent elsewhere.
As part of investing for the long term, determine the amount of money you can afford to commit to the stock market for five years or longer, and set that aside for investing. Money you'll need in a shorter period of time should be invested in shorter-term investments such as money-market accounts, CDs or U.S. Treasury bonds, bills or notes.
2. Diversify your portfolio. No matter how well a stock might be doing at the moment, the price and value of stocks are bound to fluctuate. Diversifying your investment portfolio can help you avoid this pitfall by spreading around your money to a number of stocks.
A well-diversified portfolio is important because in the event that one or more sectors of the economy start to decline, it will remain strong over time and reduce the likelihood of taking a significant hit as the market fluctuates.
Don't just diversify across the spectrum of asset classes. Some experts recommend you should also diversify your stock picks within each asset class represented in your portfolio.
3. Review your portfolio (but not too often). Anticipate that the market will fluctuate. If you check your stocks every day, you might end up feeling anxious over the value of your investments as things go up or down. But by the same token, you should check on your investments periodically.
Checking your portfolio at least once or twice a year is a good idea but research has shown that making rebalancing changes (selling the gains from those holdings which have been profitable and buying shares of those which have lost value) more than twice per year does not offer any benefit.
Some experts recommend checking on the quarterly earnings reports of a given company to see if your predictions for that company are holding true. Make changes as necessary, but don't jump ship every time a share reports a minor decrease in value.
Also important to keep in mind is tax implications of selling: if this is an account into which you've invested after-tax dollars (non-IRA or similar type of brokerage account), then try not to sell anything at a gain for at least one year in order to receive long-term capital gains rather than ordinary income tax treatment on your profits. For most people, the capital gains rate is more favorable than their income tax rate.

FAQ

Question : How do I create an imaginary portfolio ?
Answer : Follow these same steps without investing any money. Follow the progress of the stocks you chose.
Question : Where do I go to invest in marijuana stocks?
Answer : Ask a stockbroker who does business in an area where marijuana is legal.
Question : What does a gain or loss mean in a portfolio chart?
Answer : It refers to an increase or a decrease in the value of an investment.
Question : Which sector does better for next 3 years? In this sector, what are the names of the top 2 companies?
Answer : Anyone who tells you s/he knows what a given economic sector is going to do in the next three years is delusional. Your best bet is to invest in most or all sectors and in various companies with strong reputations.
Question : How do I calculate my returns in my diversified portfolio? And will my returns be lesser if I diversify my investments versus investing a lump sum in a single investment?
Answer : The easiest way to calculate total return on a diversified portfolio is to compare the total current value with the total value at the beginning of whatever period of time you're examining. If the value has risen, you would subtract the original value from the current value, then divide the difference by the original value. You would then multiply the quotient by 100 to get a percentage of return. Divide that percentage by the number of years you're considering to arrive at an annual percentage (which is the most commonly used percentage for the sake of comparison). Diversified portfolios often deliver better results than do single investments over a long period of time.
Question : How do I purchase stocks in South Africa?
Answer : Make online contact with any South African stockbroker registered to trade on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. Ask if they do business with foreign investors.
Question : How do I open an account so that I can buy stocks?
Answer : Go to any local or online broker, fill out an application, and deposit some money.
Question : Will the initial money I deposit to open an account to buy or sell stocks be used toward buying or selling, or is it just the fee for opening the account?
Answer : Typically it is for buying stock. Brokers' terms may vary: some may remove part of your deposit to cover fees if you fail to pay them separately.

Tips.
Be aware of wash sale rules: if you decide to sell a stock or stock fund at a loss and buy into a stock or stock fund which is considered substantially similar within a 30-day period, you will not be able to claim that loss on your taxes.
Consult with a qualified financial planner if you're unsure of how to invest or what stocks are safe to invest in.
Be aware of tax consequences (see comments about long-term vs. short-term capital gains under "Maintaining your portfolio" above), and be aware that you will owe taxes on the dividends you earn on those stocks which pay them to you in the year they are earned, whether they were paid out to you or not.
Warnings.
Be aware that not all common stocks pay dividends. Whether a stock pays dividends should be only one factor in choosing it, not necessarily the only factor.

March 30, 2020